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Understanding the IEEE 2883 Standard for Sanitizing Storage

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Understanding the IEEE 2883 Standard for Sanitizing Storage

Written By

Namrata Sengupta linkdin

Published On

Jul 3, 2023

Why was IEEE 2883 -2022 Standard Developed?

ICT (Information and Communication Technology) systems collect, process, store, and transmit data through various storage systems. From the initial stage of data collection to the final step of data disposal, ensuring effective and efficient data management is a major concern for ICT system owners and data custodians alike. Once these storage devices reach end-of-life, become obsolete, or have to be transferred, resold, or repurposed it is essential to perform storage sanitization to securely remove sensitive data.

According to IEEE, Storage Sanitization or Sanitization, “Refers to the general process of denying access to data from storage media, such that reasonable assurance exists that the data cannot be retrieved or reconstructed.” Here, the interesting point is that if data is not accessible and cannot be destroyed other steps have to be employed like destruction of the storage media.

Therefore, IEEE developed the standard to provide guidance and help organizations better understand sanitization methods. The scope of the IEEE 2883 standard is as follows, “This standard specifies methods for sanitizing logical storage and physical storage, as well as for providing technology-specific requirements and guidance for the elimination of recorded data.”

Although, the use of the IEEE standard is voluntary, complying with it helps organizations maintain accountability in managing their digital assets properly and promoting responsible disposal practices.

What are the Elements of Sanitization as per IEEE 2833?

Sanitization is an integral part of the organizational data governance program that includes various policies and procedures w.r.t the handling of sensitive data. This sensitive data may include personal data, personally identifiable information, electronic healthcare records, trade secrets, intellectual property, customer records, financial records, or mission-critical data, etc.

A major aspect of data governance involves handling the complete data lifecycle and the ICT infrastructure associated with this data. Wiping data from storage systems is important due to evolving business needs or regulatory compliance. Documentation may be maintained to serve as evidence that appropriate action was taken to eradicate data from all devices.

According to IEEE, to make the data permanently inaccessible and eradicate it, one of the following can be used:

Sanitization	Description
Data Sanitization	Focuses on eliminating all instances of stored data, regardless of their location. These data instances can exist within applications, cloud services, virtual environments, primary compute and storage resources, secondary and offline storage, archives, and data protection systems.
Storage Sanitization	Focuses on data stored within ICT infrastructure that uses nonvolatile storage, like fixed-block storage arrays, NAS systems, object storage, cloud storage, and backup systems.
Media Sanitization	Focuses on data stored on storage devices or storage media.

Now, let’s discuss the sanitization methods and techniques that can be used for removing data from storage systems.

Sanitization Methods and Techniques:

IEEE Std 2883-2022 defines three methods that can be employed for sanitizing physical storage namely, Clear, Purge, and Destruct. These methods use techniques that depend on the type of storage media being sanitized and the data sensitivity.

Method	Description	Technique Used	Remarks
Clear Sanitization	It uses logical techniques to wipe data from all addressable locations to protect against non-invasive data recovery attempts. Typically used for low-sensitivity data.	Overwrite Block Erase	Not advisable for sensitive data as it doesn't erase data from non-addressable locations.
Purge Sanitization	It uses logical and physical techniques to wipe data from all addressable and nonaddressable locations, making data recovery through laboratory techniques impossible and leaving the storage device ready for reuse.	Overwrite Block Erase Cryptographic Erase Degaussing	Degaussing is a data destruction method for magnetic storage media only and makes the device unusable. It cannot be used on SSDs, NVMe.
Destruct Sanitization	The method employs physical techniques to destroy the media device making data recovery through laboratory techniques impossible and rendering the device non-reusable.	Disintegrate Incinerate Melt	These techniques can release hazardous materials and pollute the environment.

The method used is also dependent on the level of security required by that information and the impact it can have if disclosed to an unauthorized party.

Security Level	Impact	Method
Low	Mild	Clear
Medium	Moderate	Purge
High	Severe	Destruct

Note: Sanitization methods can fail for various reasons. IEEE Std 2883-2022 recommends attempting alternative methods and, if necessary, moving to higher-level methods. For Example, if the Clear method fails Purge can be used as an alternative.

IEEE standard, however, does not address requirements for proof of sanitization or requirements for verification of sanitized storage. It says that for audit purposes verification can be done and likewise records of destruction can be maintained for compliance purposes.

Clear & Purge Data Sanitizations Methods:

IEEE Clear & Purge are effective methods for ensuring the permanent removal of data from storage media. Each method serves a specific purpose in securely removing data from different types of storage media.

Overwrite: It is a method that applies to both Clear & Purge, although specific requirements vary. This technique entails replacing the target data with random patterns or characters, effectively sanitizing the storage media. It leaves the storage media in a state that is immediately reusable.
Block Erase: It is a method applicable to both Clear & Purge. It is performed by issuing the ‘format’ or ‘sanitize’ commands through the host interface. Large regions of storage areas known as “Erase Block” can be wiped in a single command.
Media-based Cryptographic Erase: It is an IEEE Std 2883-2022 Purge method used on electronic storage media that contain encrypted data. By changing or sanitizing the encryption key, this technique ensures only cipher text remains on the storage media, effectively sanitizing the data.
Degaussing: It is an IEEE Purge method that employs a Degausser device. The degausser generates a strong magnetic field which when applied to magnetic storage media effectively sanitizes it.

Sanitization Technique	Clear	Purge	Applicability	Limitations	Remarks
Overwriting	Overwrite every addressable location on electronic storage media.	Overwrite every addressable and non-addressable location.	Can be used on most electronic storage media.	Not suitable for damaged or non-rewritable storage media. Erasing a large-capacity device can be time-consuming.	The number of overwrite passes or values varies depending on the type of storage device.
Block Erase	Erases large regions of semiconductor storage media called ‘erase block’, in a single operation.	Command options to block erase all accessible and inaccessible erase blocks containing user data.	Generally used on semiconductor-based storage media like NAND Flash.	Most standard storage devices by default don’t support the ability to erase individual blocks of data directly.	Block erase is generally faster than overwriting for storage devices with a large storage capacity.
Cryptographic Erase	Not applicable.	Changes the encryption keys leaving only cipher text on the storage media thereby sanitizing the data.	Works on Storage media that supports encryption and the encryption key resides in the storage media only and can be changed in a single operation.	Requires strong encryption algorithm and key entropy strength of at least 128 bits.	Encryption must be enabled before storing data on the storage media. All copies of encryption keys must be sanitized. Erases data quickly as only the encryption key is sanitized.
Degaussing	Not applicable.	Magnetic storage media is exposed to a strong magnetic field that disrupts recorded magnetic patterns using a degausser. SSD cannot be degaussed.	Works only on magnetic storage media.	The magnetic strength required for effective sanitization depends on the device being degaussed. Low-strength degaussers can leave partially erased areas on the media that can be recovered. Degaussing renders the storage device unusable.	Degaussing requires understanding the appropriate field strength for each storage media type. It is effective for purging damaged storage media, diskettes, and high-capacity storage media.

Verification of Sanitization:

Verification of the storage sanitization outcome involves assessing the results of the sanitization process to ensure effective sanitization of the storage media. Verification can be a crucial element in the data sanitization program as it can help identify errors or anomalies. The process of verification differs according to the sanitization method used.

Clear: To verify the sanitization outcome, the storage device interface can be used with representative sampling. It involves selecting and verifying at least 5% of the total addressable space to evaluate the effectiveness of the sanitization process.
Purge: Full verification of the sanitization outcome must be done using the device interface. In case, cryptographic erase was employed verification may not be possible. However, it is advisable to attempt simple verification by reading the storage media location with known contents and verifying the sanitization process.
Destruct: Only a physical inspection of the destroyed storage media can be done to verify the sanitization process.

Sanitization Methods for Different Storage Media:

Choosing the correct sanitization method according to storage media is crucial for preventing data recovery and unintentional disclosure. As storage media evolve using outdated data sanitization techniques can be risky. Sanitization techniques have to be carefully matched to the storage media type. For Example, emerging magnetic storage technologies have higher coercivity and many degaussers do not possess adequate magnetic force to degauss them.

The table below lists different storage media types and the sanitization methods that can be used to sanitize them.

Storage Media Type	Examples	Techniques: Description	Remarks
Hard copy	Papers Microfilms Microfiche	Destruct: Shred, Pulverize, Disintegrate, Burning	Shred or disintegrate paper to smaller than 1 * 5 mm size. Burn microfilms and reduce them to ash.


Optical Media	CD DVD Blu-ray	Destruct: Shred, Incinerate, Disintegrate	For CD, remove the information layer using an optical disk grinding device. Incinerate optical disk media Optical Disk shredders or disintegrators to reduce to particles with a surface area of 0.25 mm2 or smaller.


HDD, SSHD, and SSD	PATA SATA Parallel SCSI SAS USB PCIe RDMA NVMe	Clear: Overwrite, Block Erase Purge: Overwrite, Block Erase, Cryptographic Erase Destruct: Incinerate, Melt, Disintegrate	For Clear, overwrite data using organizationally approved overwriting tools. For Purge, use overwrite, cryptographic erase, or block erase.







Other Magnetic Media	Floppy disk Floptical SyQuest LS-120	Clear: Overwrite Purge: Degauss Destruct: Disintegrate, Incinerate, Melt	For Clear, overwrite using organizationally approved software, and then verify. Overwrite with at least a single pass with a fixed value. For Purge, use an organizationally approved degausser.



USB Removable Media	Pen Drives Flash Drives Thumb Drives Memory Sticks	Clear: Overwrite Purge: Block Erase, Cryptographic Erase Destruct: Incinerate, Melt, Disintegrate	USB storage devices are SSD devices using the SCSI command host interface. The applicable methods for sanitization would be similar to those used for SSDs.



Memory Cards	SD SDHC Compact Flash Memory Stick	Clear: Overwrite Destruct: Incinerate, Melt, Disintegrate	For Clear, overwrite using organizationally approved software, and then verify. Overwrite with at least two passes with a pattern in the first pass and its complement in the second pass. Purge is not applicable however organizationally approved Purge method can be used.



Embedded Flash Devices	Motherboards Network Adapters	Clear: Reset to Factory Settings Destruct: Incinerate, Melt, Disintegrate	For Clear, if the device supports then it should be reset to the original factory settings. Purge is not applicable. Electronic boards from the systems should be destroyed.
RAM & ROM	DRAM	Purge: Keep without power for 5 Minutes Destruct: Incinerate, Melt, Disintegrate	For Purge, power off and removed the device from the power source and storage device.

	EAPROM	Purge: Chip Purge Destruct: Incinerate, Melt, Disintegrate	For Purge, a full chip purge is to be performed as per the manufacturer data sheet.

	EEPROM	Purge: Overwrite Destruct: Incinerate, Melt, Disintegrate	For Purge, overwrite using organizationally approved software, and then verify. For Destruct, some media are not specifically addressed, but the standard can be used as a valuable resource for making decisions.

Networking Devices	Routers Hubs Switches	Clear: Manufacturer Reset Destruct: Incinerate, Melt, Disintegrate	For Clear, perform a full manufacturer reset. For Purge, most devices don't support it, refer to the manufacturer to identify if it is supported.


Equipment	Copier Printer Fax	Clear & Purge: Manufacturer Reset Destruct: Incinerate, Melt, Disintegrate	For Clear, perform a full manufacturer reset For Purge, most devices don't support it, refer to the manufacturer to identify if it is supported. These equipments may contain removable storage media, for them method must be applied according to the storage device type.


Devices with built-in storage	Phones Tablets Media Players Watches Gaming Consoles	Clear: Factory Reset Purge: Overwrite, Block Erase, Cryptographic Erase Destruct: Incinerate, Melt, Disintegrate	For Clear, use organizationally approved methods like factory reset. The removable storage media can be wiped using the appropriate method. For Purge use vendor-specific Purge techniques or if supported then overwriting, block erase & cryptographic erase can be used.

Conclusion:

As technologies advance and new threats emerge, it's crucial to stay up-to-date with current practices related to data disposal. It is essential always to prioritize security when disposing of any electronic device that has stored sensitive or confidential data.

The IEEE 2883-2022 Standard for Sanitizing Storage provides a useful framework for organizations to securely dispose of their data. Properly sanitizing storage devices can help prevent unauthorized access and protect sensitive information from falling into the wrong hands. While there are multiple methods available to sanitize storage, organizations must carefully consider which method best suits their needs in terms of effectiveness, applicability, data-wiping capability, and compliance with industry standards and regulations.

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FAQs

What is the IEEE 2883 standard?

The IEEE 2883 Standard is a set of guidelines and recommendations developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for storage sanitization.

Why was the IEEE 2883 standard developed?

IEEE developed the standard to provide guidance and help organizations better understand sanitization methods.

What are the three methods for sanitization?

The three methods of sanitization are Clear, Purge, and Destruct.

What techniques are used for IEEE Clear Sanitization?

IEEE Clear Sanitization uses logical techniques like, Overwrite and Block Erase for sanitization.

What techniques are used for IEEE Purge Sanitization?

IEEE Purge Sanitization uses logical and physical techniques like, Overwrite, Block Erase, Cryptographic Erase, and Degaussing for sanitization.